![]() The author shows that emergence is ubiquitous in both natural and artificial systems, and he argues that self-organsation will be inevitable for human progress (page 22).īy Luke Elstad (Own Work in MN), via Wikimedia CommonsThe book uses several illustrative examples to demonstrate how ‘bottom-up rather than top-down’ systems work, explaining how they ‘ get their smarts from below‘ (page 18). In this organisational set up, problems are not solved by top-down hierarchical structures, but by masses of ‘ relatively stupid elements’ which grow smarter over time by responding to the changing needs of their environment (page 20). ![]() What have ants, brain cells, cities, and computer software have in common, and what can human institutions learn from them? The answer is self-organisation or emergence, a system the author describes as the ‘…movement from low-level rules to higher-level sophistication…’ (page 18).
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